{"id":457,"date":"2019-05-25T06:25:04","date_gmt":"2019-05-25T03:25:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/?p=457"},"modified":"2023-10-15T04:13:31","modified_gmt":"2023-10-15T01:13:31","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%b5%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/2019\/05\/25\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%b5%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"493\" src=\"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mobilization.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-458\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mobilization.jpg 740w, http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mobilization-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"http:\/\/alaalam.org\/ar\/translations-ar\/item\/497\">\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0641\u064a 15 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629:<\/strong> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c  \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0636\u0648\u0621\u0627\u064b  \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0641\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629.<br>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629  \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631  \u0648\u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646  \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f&#8221;  \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629&#8221; \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637 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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629  \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c  \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646  \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629)\u060c  \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647  \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong> &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0646  \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Gregory Gause III 2011)\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 ((social movement theory SMT&nbsp;<sup>[1<strong>]<\/strong><\/sup> \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 (Middle East and North Africa MENA)\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627&nbsp;<strong><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/strong>  (Bayat, 2009; Beinin &amp; Vairel, 2011). \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0647\u0645\u0650\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (paradigm)<sup>[3]<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635&nbsp;<sup>[4]<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631. &nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a  \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u061f \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 (early risers) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646  &#8220;(\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u060c 1994:86) \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a (popular mobilization)  \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a (authoritarian) \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u061f \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0628  &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621&#8221; (brokers) (\u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646&#8221;) \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0621  \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (mass uprising)\u061f \u0641\u064a  \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648&nbsp;<sup>[5]<\/sup> \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 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2004). \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644  &#8220;\u0645\u062a\u0649&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649  \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 &#8220;\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627&#8221; (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u060c 1994: 17). \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a  \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 -\u0623\u064a &#8220;\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/strong>\u060c \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 (regime incumbents) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062f\u0647 (anti-regime activist)<sup>[10]<\/sup>  \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646  \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631  \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 &#8220;\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621&#8221; (3). \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646  \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a&nbsp;<sup>[12]<\/sup>  (civil consciousness) \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b 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\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644  \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633  \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 (7). &nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646  \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645  \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 (\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u060c 2004). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628  \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0642\u062f 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&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629&#8221;  (\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c 2011)\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636.  \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c  \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0643\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 (grievances) \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0623\u0646  \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a  \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 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(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[3]<\/sup>  \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 paradigm \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627  \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0647  \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646  \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643  \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0643\u0648\u062f\u064a (Foucault)  \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f  \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628  \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649  \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629  \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0646\u0627  \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d paradiam \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a&#8221; \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[4]<\/sup> \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 (Mediterranean Politics)\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 12\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 2. (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[5]<\/sup>  \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648. &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0644\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631  \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645&#8221;. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 12\u060c  \u0639\u062f\u062f 2\u060c \u0635\u0635. 217-232\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Emanuela Dalmasso. \u201c<g class=\"gr_ gr_7 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace\" id=\"7\" data-gr-id=\"7\">Surfing  the<\/g> Democratic Tsunami in Morocco: Apolitical Society and the  Reconfiguration of a Sustainable Authoritarian Regime\u201d. <em>Mediterranean Politics<\/em>, Vol. 17, No. 2, 217-232, July 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">  <sup>[6]<\/sup>   \u062d\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0642\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644. &#8220;\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631&#8221;. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 12\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 2\u060c \u0635\u0635. 197-215\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Hazem Kandil, \u201cWhy did the Egyptian Middle Class March to Tahrir Square?\u201d <em>Mediterranean Politics<\/em>, Vol. 17, No. 2, 197-215, July 2012. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[7]<\/sup>  \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648  \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644  \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646  \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637  \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631  \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646  \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628  \u0637\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0647. \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013&nbsp; \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644  \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632. &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627&#8221;. \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 35\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 3\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635: \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0635\u064a\u0641  2013)\u060c \u0635\u0635. 273-289.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Reinoud Leenders. \u201cSocial Movement Theory and the Onset of the Popular Uprising in Syria\u201d. <em>Arab Studies Quarterly<\/em>, Vol. 35, No. 3, Special Issue: <em>Perspectives on the Arab Uprisings<\/em> (Summer 2013), pp. 273-289.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <sup>[8]<\/sup>  \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f &#8220;\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621&#8221; (brokers) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0646  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0650\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645  \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631  \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626&#8221; (emergent) \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633  \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 &#8220;\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0623\u0645\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0646&#8221; (\u0645\u062b\u0644  \u063a\u064a\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645. (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[9]<\/sup>  \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629&#8221; (sound effects) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629&#8221; (demonstration  effects)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644  \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649  \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[10]<\/sup>  \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b  \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645  (anti-regime activists)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645  \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 &#8220;\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645&#8221; (regime incumbents). \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627  \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a  \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647  \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621  \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645  \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628&#8221;  (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644  \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647)\u061b \u0641\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646  \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a &#8220;\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645&#8221;. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645&#8221; (regime) \u0628\u062f\u0644  &#8220;\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629&#8221; (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627)  \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645&#8221; (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[11]<\/sup>  \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f  \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a  \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0646\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627  \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[12]<\/sup> \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[13]<\/sup>  \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0643\u0645\u0627  \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0647. \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f  \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0628\u0630\u0647 \u0643\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f &#8220;\u0623\u0647\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646  \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f &#8220;\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636&#8221; \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629  \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631  \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[14]<\/sup>  \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629  \u062d\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645  \u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631  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\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629  \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[15]<\/sup>  &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629&#8221; (family)\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; (kinship group)\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629&#8221;  (extended family)\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629&#8221; (clan)\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629&#8221; (tribe)\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641  \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a&#8221; (tribal confederation)\u060c \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; (tribalism) \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627  \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629  \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645  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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0647  \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[20]<\/sup>  \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 &#8220;\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629  \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627  \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637  \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629  \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[21]<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a  \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 (2012 \u0623).<\/li><li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632  \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c 29 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2011\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f  \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c 19 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2011\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c 30 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 2011.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0641\u0651\u0648\u0631\u060c 7 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a (UNDP) \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (2008).<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644&#8211;\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c 29 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2011\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646&#8211;\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2011.<\/li><li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 (16 \u0622\u0628 2011).<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639  &#8220;\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b  \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644  \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/syrianshuhada.com\/Default.asp?a=st&amp;st=20\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0632 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.shril-sy.info\/enshril\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 &#8211; \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627- \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0648\u060c 1999: 26).<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c 19 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbssyr.org\/family\/family2009\/Family8T-2009.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644&#8211;\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/li><li>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbssyr.org\/work\/2010\/ALL-2010\/TAB13.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c 19 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2011\u061b \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632\u060c 1 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2011.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c 19 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbssyr.org\/yearbook\/2010\/Data-Chapter13\/TAB-6-13-2010.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a> \u0648 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbssyr.org\/yearbook\/2008\/Data-Chapter13\/TAB-6-13-2008.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a> (\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644&#8211;\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221; (\u2018borderland\u2019) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c 2011: 236).<\/li><li>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (illegality) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (2009: 93).<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c 19 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c 19 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639. \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f (2011: 232).<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c 19 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0641\u064a 17 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2011 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.onsyria.com\/?clip=5408&amp;cat=5&amp;parent=1&amp;page=310&amp;sort_order=timestamp\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0632\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 (16 \u0622\u0628 2011).<\/li><li>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a  \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646  \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 2011\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/li><li>\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634 (2005: 207) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/li><li>\u0623\u0644\u0645\u062d \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f  \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632  \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c 29 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627  \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a  \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0641 2011 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/li><li>\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/syrianshuhada.com\/Default.asp?a=st&amp;st=20\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>.  (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645. \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645  2010 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a  16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbssyr.org\/work\/2010\/ALL-2010\/TAB1.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/li><li>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/li><li>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/li><li>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/li><li>\u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0631  \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 (22 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2012). \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a  \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0635 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u064a (2010).<\/li><li>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbssyr.org\/family\/family2009\/Family8T-2009.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/li><li>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbssyr.org\/yearbook\/2010\/Data-Chapter13\/TAB-6-13-2010.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/li><li>\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644&#8211;\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/li><li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 4 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2011\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a  16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/pages\/index\/1103\/\u0639\u0646-\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629_\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621-\u0645\u0639-\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c-\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d_on-syria_intervi\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a 18 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2011\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/shabab.assafir.com\/Interview\/?InterviewID=80\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 (2001).<\/li><li>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (21 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2011)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0640 &nbsp;<em>zged <\/em>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c 24 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2011.<\/li><li>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c 29 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2010\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.syriatruth.org\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2612:2011-07-29-10-22-32&amp;catid=47:2010-12-23-21-35-40&amp;Itemid=85\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/li><li><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 (2007) &#8220;\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639: \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 28(1)\u060c \u0635\u0635. 101&#8211;123.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Alimi,  E. (2007) \u201cThe dialectic of opportunities and threats and temporality  of contention: evidence from the occupied territories\u201d, <em>International Political Science Review<\/em>, 28(1), pp. 101\u2013123. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0623\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062f. (2008) \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c 1925-2005 (\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0627). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Almeida, P. D. (2008) <em>Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925\u20132005<\/em> (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633 (2005) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0635. 203-210. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Balanche, F. (2005) \u201cLa fragmentation spatiale en Syrie: entre patrimonialisme et communautarisme rampant\u201d, <em>Revue de l\u2019Economie M\u00e9ridionale<\/em>, June, pp. 203\u2013210. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0648\u060c \u062d\u0646\u0627 (1999) \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064f \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 (\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Batatu,  H. (1999) Syria\u2019s Peasantry, the Descendants of its Lesser Rural  Notables, and their Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University  Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0622\u0635\u0641 (2009) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Bayat, A. (2009) <em>Life as Politics. How Ordinary People Change the Middle East<\/em> (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0644 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646) (2011) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Beinin, J. &amp; Vairel, F. (Eds) (2011) <em>Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em> (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646 (2009) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 (\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Chalcraft, J. (2009) <em>The Invisible Cage: Syrian Migrant Workers in Lebanon<\/em> (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0646 (2010) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629: \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 64(1)\u060c \u0635\u0635. 29&#8211;49.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Chatty, D. (2010) \u201cThe Bedouin in contemporary Syria: the persistence of tribal authority and control\u201d, <em>Middle East Journal,<\/em> 64(1), pp. 29\u201349. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0644\u0627  \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a (2004) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a  \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a: \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0633\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0645 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f (\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u062f\u062c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Della  Porta, D. &amp; Vannuci, A. (2004) \u201cThe governance mechanisms of  corrupt transactions\u201d, in: J. G. Lambsdorff, M. Taube &amp; M. Schramm  (Eds) <em>The New Institutional Economics of Corruption<\/em> (London: Routledge). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c  \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 (2003) &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633\u061f&#8221; \u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0622\u062f\u0645  (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Diani,  M. (2003) \u201cIntroduction: social movements, contentious actions, and  social networks: \u2018from metaphor to substance\u2019?\u201d, in: M. Diani &amp; D.  McAdam (Eds) <em>Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 (2009) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Donati, C. (2009) <em>L\u2019Exception Syrienne. Entre Modernisation et R\u00e9sistance<\/em> (Paris: Editions La D\u00e9couverte). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0622\u064a\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644 \u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641. \u0645\u0627\u0631 (2011) &#8220;\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a:\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 16(2)\u060c \u0635\u0635. 127&#8211;146. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Einwohner,  R. L. &amp; Maher, T. V. (2011) \u201cThreat assessment <g class=\"gr_ gr_6 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_hide gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace replaceWithoutSep replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"6\" data-gr-id=\"6\">and  collective-action<\/g> emergence: camp and ghetto resistance during the  Holocaust\u201d, <em>Mobilization: An International Journal<\/em>, 16(2), pp. 127\u2013146. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 (1990) \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0631\u062b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Gamson, W. A. (1990) <em>The Strategy of Social Protest<\/em> (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0640. \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646 (1970) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631: \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0633-\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0644).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Gerlach, L. P. &amp; Hine, V. H. (1970) <em>People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation<\/em> (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0646\u0627 (2003) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a&#8221; \u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c 93(1)\u060c \u0635\u0635, 186&#8211;213. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Gidwani, V. &amp; Sivaramakrishnan, K. (2003) \u201cCircular migration and the spaces of cultural assertion\u201d, <em>Annals of the Association of American Geographers<\/em>, 93(1), pp. 186\u2013213. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0643 (2004) &#8220;\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u061f \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c 33(3\/4)\u060c \u0635\u0635.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> 333&#8211;365. Goldstone, J. (2004) \u201cMore social movements or fewer? Beyond political opportunity structures to relational fields\u201d, <em>Theory and Society<\/em>, 33(3\/4), pp. 333\u2013365. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c  \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a (2001) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648(\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629): \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a  \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a: \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0648\u063a \u0645\u0627\u0643  \u0622\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Goldstone,  J. &amp; Tilly, C. (2001) \u201cThreat (and opportunity): popular action and  state response in the dynamic of contentious action\u201d, in: R. Aminzade,  J. Goldstone, D. McAdam, E. Perry, W. Sewell, S. Tarrow &amp; C. Tilly  (Eds) <em>Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c  \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646 (2011) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627: \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u063a\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0631 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u061f \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Goodhand,  J. (2011) \u201cWar, peace, and the places in between: why borderlands are central\u201d, <g class=\"gr_ gr_5 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"5\" data-gr-id=\"5\">in:<\/g> M. Pugh, N. Cooper &amp; M. Turner (Eds) <em>Whose Peace? Critical Perspectives on the Political Economy of Peacebuilding<\/em> (London: Palgrave Macmillan). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0631 (1999) &#8220;\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c 14 \u0635\u0635. 27&#8211;54. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Goodwin, J. &amp; Jasper, J. (1999) \u201cCaught in a winding, snarling vine: the structuralist bias of political process theory\u201d, <em>Sociological Forum<\/em>, 14, pp. 27\u201354. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u063a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0641. \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (2011) \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0647\u061f&#8221; \u0641\u064a: \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0646 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631) \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0644: \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0644. \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Gregory  Gause III, F. (2011) \u201cThe Middle East academic community and the  \u2018winter of Arab discontent\u2019: why did we miss it?\u201d, in: E. Laipson (Ed.) <em>Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East<\/em> (Washington DC: Henry L. Stimson Center). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0634 (2011) &nbsp;\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628: \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Human Rights Watch (2011) <em>We\u2019ve never seen such horror: crimes against humanity by Syrian security forces<\/em>, 1 June. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/syria0611webwcover.pdf\">Link<\/a> (accessed 14 April 2012). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c (2011) &#8220;\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 11(4)\u060c \u0635\u0635, 385&#8211;413.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> Hutson, R. &amp; Long, T. (2011) \u201cFeatures of smuggling in Wadi Khaled, Lebanon\u201d, <em>Conflict, Security and Development<\/em>, 11(4), pp. 385\u2013413. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (2011) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (7): \u0625\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621&#8221;\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\/\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0645 109\u060c 13 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632. \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> International  Crisis Group (2011) \u201cPopular protest in North Africa and the Middle  East (VII): the Syrian regime\u2019s <g class=\"gr_ gr_11 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace\" id=\"11\" data-gr-id=\"11\">slow motion<\/g> suicide\u201d, <em><g class=\"gr_ gr_12 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"12\" data-gr-id=\"12\">Middle<\/g> East\/North Africa Report Number 109<\/em>, 13 July. Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/~\/media\/Files\/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa\/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon\/Syria\/109%20Popular%20Protest%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20VII%20\u2013%20The%20Syrian%20Regimes%20Slow-motion%20Suicide.pdf\">Link<\/a> (accessed 14 April 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2016\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/old.crisisgroup.org\/_\/media\/Files\/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa\/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon\/Syria\/109%20Popular%20Protest%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20VII%20--%20The%20Syrian%20Regimes%20Slow-motion%20Suicide.pdf\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 (2010) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 (\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0629\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Kassab, E. S. (2010) <em>Contemporary Arab Thought: Cultural Critique in Comparative Perspective<\/em> (Columbia, NY: Columbia University Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f (2012 \u0623) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627: \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2012\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 17\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 4\u060c \u0635\u0635. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">419&#8211;434. Leenders, R. (2012a) \u201cCollective action and popular mobilization in Dar<g class=\"gr_ gr_6 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"6\" data-gr-id=\"6\">\u2019a<\/g>: an anatomy of the onset of Syria\u2019s uprising\u201d, <em>Mobilization: An International Journal<\/em>, December 2012, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 419-434. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632\u060c  \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f (2012 \u0628) &#8220;\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a  \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a: \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062f (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629: \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Leenders,  R. (2012b) \u201cProsecuting political dissent: courts and the resilience of  authoritarianism in Baathist Syria\u201d, in: S. Heydemann &amp; R. Leenders  (Eds) <em>Comparing Authoritarianisms: Reconfiguring Power and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran<\/em> (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, forthcoming). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 (2010) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c&nbsp; \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c 2010\/25. \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Marzouk, N. (2010) \u201cL\u2019<em>\u00e9<\/em>migration syrienne hautement qualifi<em>\u00e9<\/em>e: les enjeux sociopolitiques\u201d, <em>CARIM Notes d\u2019analyse et de synth\u00e8se<\/em>, 2010\/25. Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/cadmus.eui.eu\/bitstream\/handle\/1814\/13679\/CARIM_ASN_2010_25.pdf?sequence=1\">Link<\/a> (accessed 14 April 2012). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0648\u063a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a (2001) \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c (\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> McAdam, D., Tarrow, S. &amp; Tilly, C. (2001) <em>Dynamics of Contention<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0633. (2004) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c 30\u060c \u0635\u0635. 125&#8211;145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Meyer, D. S. (2004) \u201cProtest and political opportunities\u201d, A<em>nnual Review of Sociology<\/em>, 30, pp. 125\u2013145. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646 (2012) &#8220;\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c 28 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Narwani, S. (2012) \u201cQuestioning the Syrian \u2018casualty list\u2019\u201d, <em>Al-Akhbar English<\/em>, 28 February. Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/english.al-akhbar.com\/content\/questioning-syrian-\u201ccasualty-list\u201d\">Link<\/a> (accessed 14 April 2012). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 (2010) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c 16(2)\u060c \u0635\u0635. 330&#8211;346. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Obeid, M. (2010) \u201cSearching for the \u2018ideal face of the state\u2019 in a Lebanese border town\u201d, <em>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute<\/em>, 16(2), pp. 330\u2013346. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u060c  \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 (2003) &#8220;\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629: \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 <g class=\"gr_ gr_9 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace\" id=\"9\" data-gr-id=\"9\">\u0641\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/g> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u063a \u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0622\u062f\u0645 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Osa,  M. (2003) \u201cNetworks in opposition: linking organizations <g class=\"gr_ gr_8 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace\" id=\"8\" data-gr-id=\"8\">through  activists<\/g> in the Polish People\u2019s Republic\u201d, <g class=\"gr_ gr_7 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"7\" data-gr-id=\"7\">in:<\/g> M. Diani &amp; D. McAdam  (Eds) <em>Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0641\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 (1996) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a: \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989&#8243;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 75(1)\u060c \u0635\u0635. 91&#8211;117. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Pfaff, S. (1996) \u201cCollective identity and informal groups in revolutionary mobilization: East Germany in 1989\u201d, <em>Social Forces<\/em>, 75(1), pp. 91\u2013117. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u060c  \u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0644 (2008) &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0632 (\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0632\u061f&#8221; \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c 83(3)\u060c \u0635\u0635. 213&#8211;221.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Roussel,  C. (2008) \u201cL\u2019agriculture dans la montagne druze (Syrie) entre  client\u00e9lisme, blocages communautaires et lib\u00e9ralisation \u00e9conomique: un  d\u00e9veloppement durable pour le paysan druze?\u201d <em>G\u00e9ocarrefour<\/em>, 83(3), pp. 213\u2013221. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0632\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644 (2011) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 120 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064e \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064e&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u064a\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u060c 17 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631, \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Sands, P. (2011) \u201cTribal justice blamed for deaths of 120 Syrian police and soldiers\u201d, <em>The National<\/em>, 17 May. Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenational.ae\/news\/world\/middle-east\/tribal-justice-blamed-for-deaths-of-120-syrian-police-and-soldiers\">Link<\/a> (accessed 14 April 2012). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u064a. (1990) \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629: \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0641\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u062a: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u064a\u0644).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Scott, J. C. (1990) <em>Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts<\/em> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a (2011) &#8220;\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632\u060c 30 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Shadid, A. (2011) \u201cCoalition of factions from the streets fuels a new opposition in Syria\u201d, <em>New York Times<\/em>, 30 June. Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/07\/01\/world\/middleeast\/01syria.html?pagewanted=all\">Link<\/a> (accessed 14 April 2012). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0634\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a (2005) \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629: \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0627).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Schock, K. (2005) <em>Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Non-democracies<\/em> (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c  \u0631\u0646\u062f\u0629 (2011) &#8220;\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c 2 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Slim, R. (2011) \u201cMeet Syria\u2019s opposition\u201d, <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>, 2 November. Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/mideast.foreignpolicy.com\/posts\/2011\/11\/02\/meet_syrias_opposition\">Link<\/a> (accessed 14 April 2012). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0646\u064a (1994) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Tarrow, S. (1994) <em>Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action <g class=\"gr_ gr_13 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"13\" data-gr-id=\"13\">and<\/g> Politics<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 (1997) &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 156. \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Tilly, C. (1977) \u201cFrom mobilization to revolution\u201d, <em>University of Michigan Center for Research on Social Organization Working Paper<\/em> No. 156. Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/deepblue.lib.umich.edu\/bitstream\/2027.42\/50931\/1\/156.pdf\">Link<\/a> (accessed 14 April 2012). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (2009) \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">UNCTAD (2009) <em>Handbook of Statistics<\/em> (Geneva: United Nations). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (2008) &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629&#8221;\u060c 27 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> UNDP (2008) \u201cSyrians to get better access to justice\u201d, 27 November. Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090427140442\/http:\/www.undp.org.sy\/index.php\/stories\/59-democratic-governance\/426-syrians-to-get-better-access-to-justice\">Link<\/a> (accessed 14 April 2012). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628. (2011) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 16(1)\u060c \u0635\u0635. 11&#8211;24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Vasi, I. B. (2011) \u201cBrokerage, miscibility, and the spread of contention\u201d, <em>Mobilization: An International Journal<\/em>, 16(1), pp. 11\u201324. <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0644\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0646 (1998) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b (\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0633).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Winckler, O. (1998) <em>Demographic Developments and Population Policies in Ba\u2019athist Syria<\/em> (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press). &nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/strong> \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 17\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 2\u060c \u0635. 139&#8211;159\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2012. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/3694664\/_Popular_Mobilization_in_Syria_Opportunity_and_Threat_and_the_Social_Networks_of_the_Early_Risers_Mediterranean_Politics_17_2_139-159._with_Steven_Heydemann_\">academia.edu<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 15 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 2017 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":458,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88,20,144,48],"tags":[147,146,148],"class_list":["post-457","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-88","category-20","category-144","category-48","tag-147","tag-146","tag-148"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/457","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=457"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/457\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":577,"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/457\/revisions\/577"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/458"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=457"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=457"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=457"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}