{"id":454,"date":"2019-05-25T05:37:24","date_gmt":"2019-05-25T02:37:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/?p=454"},"modified":"2023-10-15T04:15:16","modified_gmt":"2023-10-15T01:15:16","slug":"%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/2019\/05\/25\/%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"493\" src=\"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/update-authoritarianism.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-455\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/update-authoritarianism.jpg 740w, http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/update-authoritarianism-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"http:\/\/alaalam.org\/ar\/translations-ar\/item\/413-609161016\">\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c 2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a &nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 41 (2009) <br>\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0647 (Thomas Pierret) \u0648\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0643 (Kjetil Selvik)                   <br>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0650\u0645\u062a  \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062f. \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0647\/ \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 41 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: Limits of &#8216;Authoritarian Upgrading&#8217; in Syria. Welfare Privatization, Islamic Charities and the Rise of the Zayd Movement..2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635  &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u0647\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0645. \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628&#8221;<sup>[1]<\/sup> &nbsp;(\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639) &nbsp;&#8220;\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0647\u061f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u061f \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629\u061f \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628.&#8221; &nbsp;(\u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644) &nbsp;&#8220;\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061f \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u061f \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0643\u0645.&#8221; &#8212; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a &nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e  \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629  \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0647\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0644  \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646  \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639  \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \n\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007. \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \n\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 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\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0632\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \n\u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c [1] \u0639\u0645\u0631\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f&#8221; (auction\u060c \n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u061b \u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 150 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 7,5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644.\u0633 [2].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0642\u062f  \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629  \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a [3]. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646  \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f.  \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<sup>[2]<\/sup>  (welfare) \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635  \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641  \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629  \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0648\u0642\u062f  \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup>[3]<\/sup> (faith-based initiatives) \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629<sup>[4]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u0648\u0645\u0646  \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (Islamic trend) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b  \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0649  \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646  \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 1979 \u06481982 \u0648\u0645\u0627  \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628  \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646  \u0645\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629<sup>[5]<\/sup>  ((movement \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646  \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\n \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647 (regime-friendly) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648 \n\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 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\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642  \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648&#8221;\u0625\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a&#8221; (cultural  embedment) \u0648&#8221;\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629&#8221;<sup>[6]<\/sup>  organic character)) \u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a  \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629  \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a (empirical) \u0625\u0644\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0629&#8221;  (hard)\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u064e\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a-\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a<sup>[7]<\/sup> top-down  perspective)) \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 (agency) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (social  actors). \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641  \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 (readjusting).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\n\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\n \u0634\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 (counter-hegemonic)\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \n[5] \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 &#8211; \u0648\u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \n\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 [6]\u060c \u0623\u0648 \n&#8220;\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b&#8221;\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643 (Janine Clark) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\n \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Islamist \nnetworks) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 [7].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u0625\u0646  \u062d\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a (specificities) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641.  \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0623\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629  &#8220;\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 (human  resources) \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647  \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 (notables)\u060c  \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643  \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0624\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a  (socialization)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629  &nbsp;(informal)<sup>[8]<\/sup>.&nbsp;  \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0633  \u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 (trust)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 (power structures)<sup>[9]<\/sup>.  \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (social reach) \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c  \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629  (proselytizing)<sup>[10]<\/sup>\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<sup>[11]<\/sup>  social capital)) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 &#8212; \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629&nbsp;  \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f  \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 (partners) \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c  \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\n\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\n \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \n\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \n(counterweights) \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\n \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 &#8220;\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629&#8221; (redeployment of the state)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0646\n \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\n [8]. \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Steven Heydemann) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a&#8221; (authoritarian \nupgrading) \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629\u064b. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0648 \n\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b (resilient) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0649&#8221; \n[9].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\n\u0648\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\n \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \n\u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643\n \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629) [10]\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \n\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u0635\u0631) [11]\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 (crony \nbusinessmen)&#8211; \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\n \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649\n \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 (NGOs) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a [12]. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\n \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \n\u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \n\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u0648\u0645\u0639  \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 &#8220;\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629&#8221; (state-sanctioned)\u060c  \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646  \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629  \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 [13]. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f  \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 [14]. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644  \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a&nbsp; \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 (pious bourgeoisie)  &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0629&#8221;<sup>[12]<\/sup>  [15] \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.  \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0650\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0631  \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642 (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a)\u060c  \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 [16].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u0625\u0646 &#8220;\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d&#8221;<sup>[13]<\/sup>  \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c  \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629  \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0627  \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0642 (patterns) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629  \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629  \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648\/\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d  \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646<sup>[14]<\/sup>  (patron-client relationship). \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629  \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629  \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647  (autonomy) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628  \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a&#8221; \u0644\u064a\u0633 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 [19].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/alaalam.org\/ar\/images\/cloneticles\/6091610162.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0634\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup>[16]<\/sup>  (urban) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1946\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647  \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629  \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1963 &#8211; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 [20].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> &nbsp;\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630  [21]\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u0646\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b  \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<sup>[17]<\/sup> (grand mufti) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1964 [22].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u0623\u0645\u0627  &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 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\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \n\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\n \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \n\u062d\u0638\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\n \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0636\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b: &#8220;\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u062a\n \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0639&#8221; [28].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062a \n\u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646  \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a (populist) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<sup>[20]<\/sup>.  \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0629 (streamlining) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0645\u0629  \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 (subsidy) \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 [30]. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0634\u0631\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629  (budget) \u0645\u0646 50 \u0625\u0644\u0649 30 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a (Gross Domestic Product,  GDP)\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631  \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638 \u062e\u0641\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631  \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0634\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c  \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1999 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 3,6 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 [31].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (public salaries)<sup>[21]<\/sup>  \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (public  expenditure) \u0643\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 30 \u0625\u0644\u0649 33 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 [32].  \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645  \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004 \u0643\u0627\u0646 10,36 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646  (\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a) \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 [33].&nbsp; \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645  \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b (6,2% \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007) [34]\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a (consumer price index) \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 (10% \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2006) [35].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u0648\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629\n \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \n\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 2,7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644.\u0633. 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0644\n \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\n \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 \n\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646 \n\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \n\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\n \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \n\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a-\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1]  \u0644\u0642\u0628 &#8220;\u062d\u0627\u062c&#8221; \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646  \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u064f\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627  \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631. [2] \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c 27 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c 2007. <br>[3] \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633: \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c 2002)\u060c \u0635\u0635. 77-94.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Soukaina Boukhaima, \u201cLe mouvement associatif en Syrie,\u201d in <em>Pouvoirs et associations dans le monde arabe<\/em>, ed. Sarah Ben Nefissa (Paris: CNRS \u00e9dition, 2002), 77\u201394. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627  \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (NGOs) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0640 2000\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648  \u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c&#8221; \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 115-16 (2006): \u0635\u0635 193-209.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Mathieu Le Saux, \u201cLes dynamiques contradictoires du champ associatif syrien,\u201d <em>Revue du monde musulman et de la M\u00e9diterrane\u00e9e <\/em>115\u201316 (2006): 193\u2013209. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627  \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c&#8221; \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b 20 (2007):  \u0635\u0635 4-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> \u201cConflict and Development,\u201d <em>ISIM Review <\/em>20 (2007): 4\u201319.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> [4]  \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0643\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f  (\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0625\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u063a\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0631\u060c 1998).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Annabelle B\u00f6ttcher, <em>Syrische Religionspolitik unter Asad <\/em>(Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany: Arnold-Bergstraesser-Institut, 1998). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 1997\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a\u060c &#8220;\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0646 \u0628\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0646 (\u0622\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c 2005)\u060c \u0635\u0635 68-91.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Leif Stenberg, \u201cYoung, Male and Sufi Muslim in the City of Damascus,\u201d in <em>Youth and Youth Culture in the Contemporary Middle East, <\/em>ed. J\u00f8rgen B\u00e6ck Simonsen (Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 2005), 68\u201391. [5]  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 40 (2008): \u0635\u0635  227-47.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Beno\u00eet Challand, \u201cA <em>Nahda <\/em>of Charitable Organizations? Health Service Provision and the Politics of Aid in Palestine,\u201d <em>International Journal of Middle East Studies <\/em>40 (2008): 227\u201347. [6] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c&#8221; \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 179 (1992): 2-10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Sami Zubaida, \u201cIslam, the State and Democracy: Contrasting Conceptions of Society in Egypt,\u201d <em>Middle East Report <\/em>179 (1992): 2\u201310. [7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a: \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 (\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Janine A. Clark, <em>Islam, Charity and Activism: Middle-Class Networks and Social Welfare in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen <\/em>(Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2004). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629: \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 1992).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Iman Farag, <em>Croyance et int\u00e9r\u00eat: R\u00e9flexion sur deux associations islamiques <\/em>(Cairo: CEDEJ, 1992). [8] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0628\u0648\u060c \u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0633\u062a\u060c 2004)\u060c \u0635\u0635 38-39\u061b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> B\u00e9atrice Hibou, <em>Privatising the State <\/em>(London: Hurst, 2004), 38\u201339; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u2019\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u2018\u060c&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 (\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c 2001)\u060c \u0635\u0635 211-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Charles Tripp, \u201cState, Elites and the \u2018Management of Change,\u2019\u201d in <em>The State and Global Change: The Political Economy of Transition in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>, ed. Hasan Hakimian and Ziba Moshaver (London: Curzon, 2001), 211\u201331. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">  [9] \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 13 (\u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646\u060c \u062f\u064a \u0633\u064a: \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0632\u060c 2007)\u060c \u0635 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Steven Heydemann, <em>Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World<\/em>, Saban Center Analysis Paper 13 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 2007), VII.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">  [10] \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u060c&#8221; \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a 41 (2008): \u0635\u0635  137-56.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Am\u00e9lie Le Renard, \u201cPauvret\u00e9 et charit\u00e9 en Arabie Saoudite: La famille royale, le secteur des affaires et l\u2019\u00c9tat-Providence,\u2019\u201d <em>Critique internationale <\/em>41 (2008): 137\u201356. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">  [11] \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 32 (\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633: \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Daniela Pioppi, <em>From Religious Charity to the Welfare State and Back: The Case of Islamic Endowments (waqfs) Revival in Egypt<\/em>, EUI Working Papers RSCAS 32 (Florence: EUI, 2004).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> [12] \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 8\u061b \u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629\u060c&#8221; \u0635 197.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[13]  \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 20.000 \u0644.\u0633. (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 400  \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631) \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635  \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u061f&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f 225 (\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c 2007): \u0635\u0635 2-4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[14]  \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a  \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 2 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2007\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/thawra.alwehda.gov.sy\/_archive.asp?FileName=17138424020070201195055\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>( \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[15] \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f: \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c 2002).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Gilles Kepel, <em>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam <\/em>(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">  [16]  \u0625\u0646&nbsp; \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0637\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[17]  \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 1  (1988): \u0635\u0635 538-67.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Ahmad Ashraf, \u201cBazaar\u2013Mosque Alliance: The Social Basis of Revolts and Revolutions,\u201d <em>International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society <\/em>1 (1988): 538\u201367. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[18] \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0647\u060c &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u063a\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0646 (\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c 2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Thomas Pierret, \u201cSunni Clergy Politics in Syria,\u201d in <em>Demystifying Syria, <\/em>ed. Fred Lawson (London: Saqi Books, 2009). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[19] \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u060c 1991)\u060c 1: \u0635\u0635 263-82. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[20] \u0628\u0648\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c&#8221; \u0635\u0635 83-85. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[21]  \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644  \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0636979-82\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639  \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f  \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629  \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646  \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[22] \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u0646\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u0646\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 2002)\u060c \u0635\u0635 228-302. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[23] \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f (\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643: \u0623\u064a \u0628\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c 1995)\u060c \u0635\u0635 50-53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Volker Perthes, <em>The Political Economy of Syria under Asad <\/em>(New York: I. B. Tauris, 1995), 50\u201353. [24]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0632-\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c 2004)\u060c \u0635\u0635 240-43.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Philippe Droz-Vincent, <em>Moyen-Orient: Pouvoirs autoritaires, soci\u00e9t\u00e9s bloqu\u00e9es <\/em>(Paris: PUF, 2004), 240\u2013 43. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">  [25] \u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646: \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 (\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0632\u064a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c 1999)\u060c \u0635\u0635 271-72.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Hanna Batatu, <em>Syria\u2019s Peasantry, the Descendants of <g class=\"gr_ gr_5 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace\" id=\"5\" data-gr-id=\"5\">its<\/g> Lesser Rural Notables, and their Politics <\/em>(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999)<em>, <\/em>271\u201372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">   [26]  \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0641\u0646\u063a\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0631\u060c &#8220;\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d: \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627  \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0629\u060c&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 23 (1996):  \u0635\u0635 183-202.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Hans Hopfinger and Marc Boeckler, \u201cStep by Step to an Open Economic System: Syria Sets Course for Liberalization,\u201d <em>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies <\/em>23 (1996): 183\u2013202. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[27] \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 10 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 2005\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/thawra.alwehda.gov.sy\/_archive.asp?FileName=102583488720050610015327\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> ( \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[28] \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[29] \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c 4 \u06489 \u064815 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[30] \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[31] \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 1996-2004: \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 2005). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), <em>Poverty in Syria 1996\u20132004: Diagnosis and Pro-Poor Policy Considerations <\/em>(Damascus: UNDP, 2005), 12. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[32] \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c 2006)\u060c2: \u0635\u0635 21-22.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Samir Aita, <em>Syria Country Profile: The Road Ahead for Syria <\/em>(Cairo: Economic Research Forum, 2006), 2:21\u201322. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 2008 \u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 25 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 5 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2008\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/thawra.alwehda.gov.sy\/_archive.asp?FileName=83807347620080505010042\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>) \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[33] \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0635 23. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">UNDP, <em>Poverty in Syria, <\/em>23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> [34]  \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u060c&#8221; 15 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a  2008\u060c <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Oxford &nbsp;Business Group, \u201cSyria: 2007 Year in Review,\u201d 15 January  2008, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/weekly01.asp?id=3562\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[35] \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 15 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2007\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aawsat.com\/details.asp?section=6&amp;article=437103&amp;issueno=10518\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>( \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[36]  \u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627 (Laura Ruiz de Elvira) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[37] \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[38] \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c&#8221; \u0635 4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[39]  \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645  \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e\u0627\u064b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[40] \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c 5 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 2006\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.daralhayat.com\/special\/features\/01-2006\/Item-20060104-96c4b119-c0a8-10ed-0025-b64d4f24edab\/story.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 &nbsp;2008). (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[41] \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c 19 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2008\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/sana.sy\/clonea\/7\/2008\/05\/19\/175097.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008). (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[42] \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 (\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0629)\u060c 6 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2006\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/fedaa.alwehda.gov.sy\/_archive.asp?FileName=9409836920080205220920\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[43] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0629\u060c 23 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2006\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hama.ws\/NewsDetails.asp?NewsID=295\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008). (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[44] \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0633-\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c&#8221; \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c 29 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2007\u060c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Julien Barnes-Dacey, \u201cSyrian Expatriates Return Home in Hopes of New Wealth,\u201d <em>The Christian Science Monitor, <\/em>29 December 2007, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/2007\/1227\/p04s02-wome.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[45] \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 2007\u060c \u0635 11. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[46]  \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a  \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a 2007 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b 1.000 \u0644.\u0633. \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 650 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629  \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f (\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c&#8221; \u0635 2). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[47]  \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f  \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0628  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[48] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hifz.org\/home.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008). (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[49] \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 2006. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[50] \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[51] \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629)\u060c 4 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2006\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.all4syria.biz\/index.html\/index.php?item=view_article&amp;id=3411\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[52] \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 28 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2006\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/thawra.alwehda.gov.sy\/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=952921620060727221614\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016 \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[53] \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 19 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2006\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/thawra.alwehda.gov.sy\/_archive.asp?FileName=55883001220060518225003\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[54] \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629\u060c 1: \u0635 267. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[55]  \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0631  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648  \u0623\u062e\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1981. \u0635\u0641\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[56] \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[57]  \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629  \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0630\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[58] \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c 19 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2008\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/sana.sy\/clonea\/7\/2008\/05\/19\/175097.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008)\u061b (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c 13 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2005\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/thawra.alwehda.gov.sy\/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=54411212620051012230519\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008)\u061b (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645)\u061b \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0635\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 14 \u0622\u0628 2006\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/thawra.alwehda.gov.sy\/_archive.asp?FileName=99672875020060813231123\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[59]  \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a  \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c&#8221; \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b 21 (2000): \u0635\u0635 685-99.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Quintan Wiktorowicz and Suha Taji Farouki, \u201cIslamic NGOs and Muslim Politics: A Case from Jordan,\u201d <em>Third World Quarterly <\/em>21 (2000): 685\u201399. [60]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c 2007) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[61] \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 30 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[62] \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u2026 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c 8 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2004\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.islamonline.net\/cloneabic\/economics\/2004\/07\/cloneticle02.shtml\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016 \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[63]  \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633  \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629  \u0632\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0629. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[64] \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646&#8221;\u060c (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[65] \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c&#8221; \u0635 4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[66] \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 14\u060c 21 \u064822 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[67] \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c 6 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2008. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[68] \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c 14 \u0622\u0628 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[69] \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[70] \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 6 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2008. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[71]  \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[72] \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627&#8221;\u060c 9 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2008\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sadazaid.com\/home\/play.php?catsmktba=2990\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008). (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[73] \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 5 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[74] \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 4 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2007. [75] \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c 1 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2006. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[76]  \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 1963\u060c \u062d\u0638\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649  \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646&#8221;\u060c 9 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646  2008\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sadazaid.com\/play.php?catsmktba=2991\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008). (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[77] \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062f\u064a\u062d \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621\u060c 9 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2007\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.all4syria.biz\/index.html\/index.php?item=view_article&amp;id=7364\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[78] \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 (\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0646\u0631\u060c 1998)\u060c \u0635\u0635 223-40.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"> Raymond Hinnebusch, \u201cCalculated Decompression as a Substitute for Democratization: Syria,\u201d in <em>Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, <\/em>ed. Baghat Korany, Rex Brynen, and Paul Noble (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1998), 223\u201340. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[79] \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0630\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0622\u0628 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[80]  \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 2 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 2007\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f 40 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629  \u0628\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 6 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/thawra.alwehda.gov.sy\/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=2477707820050105203020\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[81] \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0630\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[82] \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c&#8221; 16 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2008\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.alfatihonline.com\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[83] \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c 9 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2006\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aljaml.com\/node\/3713\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008)\u061b \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c&#8221; \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 107 (2007): \u0635\u0635 20-22. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[84] \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c 11 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648 11 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2007\u061b \u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0630\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u062a\u0647)\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 13 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[85] \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 31 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[86] \u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u060c 28 \u0622\u0628 2008. <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[87] \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 31 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2008\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/thawra.alwehda.gov.sy\/_archive.asp?FileName=18551902020081030210027\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a>  (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008) (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a  16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645) \u061b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 12 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 2008\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dctcrs.org\/s5178.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a> (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2008). (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016\u060c \u0645).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[1]<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[2]<\/sup>  \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 (welfare) \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631  \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629).  \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621  \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a  \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[3]<\/sup>  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649  \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0643\u062d\u0627\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b). \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628  \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629&#8221; \u0645\u0627  \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a&#8221; (political correctness) \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635  \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[4]<\/sup>  \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u060c  \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a  (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[5]<\/sup>  \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 &#8220;\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f&#8221;\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a  \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 &#8220;\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f&#8221;. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0643\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629&#8221; \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647  \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (social movement). \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f  \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[6]<\/sup>  \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646)  \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629  \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[7]<\/sup> \u0648&#8221;\u0641\u0648\u0642&#8221; \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644&#8221; \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[8]<\/sup> \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a &#8220;\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a&#8221;. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[9]<\/sup>  \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637) \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0648 (Michel Foucault\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a  \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c post-structuralism). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645  \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648  \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a) \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646  \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062f) \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629  \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c  \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646). \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647  \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0647\u0630\u0627  \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629  &#8220;power&#8221; (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[10]<\/sup>  \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645  &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f  \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a  \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646  \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644  \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[11]<\/sup>  \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629.  \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b) \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629  \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0648 (\u0307Pierre Bourdieu) \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 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\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647\u062a\u0647. \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649  \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 (pious) \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a)  \u0623\u0648 (\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0646) \u0623\u0648 (\u0648\u0631\u0650\u0639)\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b (\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b). \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646  \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646  \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d&nbsp; \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629.  \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (pious) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a (\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646)  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[13]<\/sup> \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[14]<\/sup>  \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629  \u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a  (patron) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646 (client)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a (patronage).  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c (patronus\/pater) \u0648 (cliens)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a.  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a.  \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d  \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647  (\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0642\u0647  \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649). \u0648\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0622\u062b\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0640(\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646) \u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639  \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 (patronage).  \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[15]<\/sup>  \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629  \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0646  \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f  \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629  \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0628\u062b \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0647\u0627  \u0648&#8221;\u062b\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0632\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062b\u0629&#8221;. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629  \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u064b  \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[16]<\/sup>  \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a&#8221; \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0636\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0644\u0623\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[17]<\/sup>  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645&#8221; \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062c\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645  \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[18]<\/sup>  \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 (upper  bourgeoisie) \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[19]<\/sup>  \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627  \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627  \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629&nbsp; \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f  \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629  \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f  \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0649 (lower middle  class) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 (upper middle class) (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[20]<\/sup>  \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c&nbsp;  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647  \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[21]<\/sup>  \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 (public) \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0640 (\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a)\u060c  \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0645  \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[22]<\/sup> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221; (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[23]<\/sup>  \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c  \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646  \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f  \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 (\u0645). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[24]<\/sup>  \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062e\u064e\u0635 \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646  \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639  \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0632 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642  \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629&#8221;  \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0633 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