{"id":428,"date":"2019-05-25T03:12:18","date_gmt":"2019-05-25T00:12:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/?p=428"},"modified":"2023-10-15T04:19:54","modified_gmt":"2023-10-15T01:19:54","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%ab-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%af-%d9%81%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/2019\/05\/25\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%ab-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%af-%d9%81%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"493\" src=\"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Baath-and-Islam-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-431\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Baath-and-Islam-1.jpg 740w, http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Baath-and-Islam-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/alaalam.org\/ar\/religion-ar\/item\/321-559200616\">\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0641\u064a 1\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u060c 2016<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0630\u0647\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0647 Thomas Pierret (Baas\n et islam en Syrie: la dynasties Assad face aux Oul\u00e9mas. Paris: Presses \nuniversitaires de France, 2011.) \u0623\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621). \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u062b\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \n\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646(Religion and State in Syria: The \nSunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University \nPress, 2013.) \u0623\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f  \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647 (\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0629) \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645  2011. \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 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\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0644  (Patrick Seale) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (1987)\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (1990)\u061b \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634 (Raymond Hinnebusch)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u064a\u0629 (1990)\u061b \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0645  (Nikolaos van Dam)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (1996)\u061b \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0633  (Volker Perthes) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f (1997). \u0644\u0627  \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644  \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0632  (David Commins)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627  \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (1990)\u061b \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (James Gelvin) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u060c  \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629  (1998)\u061b \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Elizabeth Thompson)\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646  \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627  \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 (2000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/alaalam.org\/ar\/images\/cloneticles\/5592006162.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623  \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.&nbsp; \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644  \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 (Lisa Wedeen)\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 (1999)\u061b \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646  (Steven Heydemann)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (1999)\u061b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627  \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627  \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0646 (Itzchak  Weismann) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (2001)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a  \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f  \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0646\u0631 (Johannes Reissner) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (1980\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 2005)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646  \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 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Oul\u00e9mas. 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