{"id":220,"date":"2019-05-12T00:23:46","date_gmt":"2019-05-11T21:23:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/?p=220"},"modified":"2019-05-12T00:23:48","modified_gmt":"2019-05-11T21:23:48","slug":"%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%83-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%a8-%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b7%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.scscme.org\/scscme\/blogs\/atassib-ar\/2019\/05\/12\/%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%83-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%a8-%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b7%d9%88\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u201d \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0651\u064a\u0651"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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(9) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a) \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \n\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 \n\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \n\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0646(17). \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \n“\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627”\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a” (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647)\u060c \n\u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \n\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\t\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(1) \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e (\u0623\u0647\u0648 \n\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b\u061f) \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \n\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 positivism \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\tRobert F. Berkhofer. Beyond the Great Story: History as Text and Discourse. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995, 11\u201416.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(2) \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a 10-12: “\u0648\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0638\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \n(10) \u0643\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e (11) \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e (12).”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(3) \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 61: “\u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0632\u064f\u0628\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0631\u064e\u0628\u0650\u0651\u0643\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0645\u0650\u062b\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\n \u0630\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0636\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0652\u063a\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0630\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0643\u064e \n\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064d.” \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0645: 59 \n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646: 62 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(4) \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \n\u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \n\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\tPierre Bourdieu. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of \nTaste. Richard Nice \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984, \n97\u2014168.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(5) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\tMuhammad Qasim Zaman. Religion and Politics under the Early \n\u2018Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite. New York: Brill, \n1997, 49\u201456.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(6) \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \n\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\tAhmad Nazir Atassi. A History of Ibn Sa\u201bd\u2019s Biographical Dictionary \nKitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Dissertation. University of California at \nSanta Barbara, September, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b” \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \n\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\n \u0633\u0639\u062f. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641\n \u0634\u0627\u062e\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0627\u062c\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \n\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \n\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\tJoseph Schacht. Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0646\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\tM. M. A\u201bzami. On Schacht\u2019s Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. \nRiyadh: King Saud University and London: John Wiley and Sons, 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(7) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0623\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \n\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \n\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \n(\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \n\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c “\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629” \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629\n \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a. \n\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 (\u0627\u064a \n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0627) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \n\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\tG. H. A. Juynboll. Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith. Leiden: Brill, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \n(\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644) \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \n\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(8) \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 (Conclusions) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(9) \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \n\u0641\u064a “\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621” \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b. \u0642\u062f\n \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644 (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646) \n\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \n\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a (\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644)\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \n\u0644\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 (\u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b) \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \n\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 (\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \n\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(10) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a “\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f” \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \n\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \n\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(11) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0647 (\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0635) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062c\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\n \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629) \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\n (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0648\u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0630\u0646\u0648\u0628 \n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \n\u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \n\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \n\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(12) \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 (Alevi) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\n \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(13) \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \n\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1416\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u064f\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\n \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\n \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\tFinkel, Caroline. Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. New York : Basic Books, 2005. pp. 34-36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(14) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\tEgger, Vernon. A History of the Muslim World since 1260. New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall, pp. 155-156<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(15) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635\u0635 156-163 \u0648 17-172.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\t\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635\u0635 92-93.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\t(17) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635\u0635 129-135.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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